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Poland /'po?l?nd/ (help·info) (Polish Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe ^[5][6] bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679&_160;square kilometres (120,726&_160;sq&_160;mi),^[2] making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38&_160;million people,^[2] which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world^[7] and one of the most populous members of the European Union.

The establishment of a Polish state is often identified with the adoption of Christianity by its ruler Mieszko I, in 966 (see Baptism of Poland), when the state covered territory similar to that of present-day Poland. In 1025, Poland became a kingdom and in 1569, it cemented a long association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, by signing the Union of Lublin, forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth collapsed in 1795 and Poland's territory was partitioned among the Kingdom of Prussia, the Russian Empire, and Austria. Poland regained its independence as the Second Polish Republic in 1918, after World War I, but was later occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during World War II. Poland lost over six million citizens in World War II, emerging several years later as the socialist People's Republic of Poland within the Eastern Bloc, under strong Soviet influence.

During the Revolutions of 1989, communist rule was overthrown and Poland became what is constitutionally known as the "Third Polish Republic". Poland is a unitary state, made up of sixteen voivodeships (Polish województwo). Poland is also a member of the European Union, NATO, United Nations, World Trade Organization, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

Historians have postulated that throughout Late Antiquity, many distinct ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now known as Poland. The exact ethnicity and linguistic affiliation of these groups has been hotly debated; in particular the time and route of the original settlement of Slavic peoples in these regions has been the subject of much controversy.

Showing 1 to 25 of 383 Articles matching 'Poland' in related articles.

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1. America, A Nation Of Immigrants Or A Nation Of Wimps? November 19, 2009 History shows that America is a nation of immigrants. Unless you or your ancestors are Native American, if you live in America you or your ancestors are immigrants. My grandparents were immigrants. My grandparents came to America from Russia, from a city near the border with Poland, prior to World War I. They came to America to escape German occupation, religious persecution, and death. My grandparents, Harry and Anna, landed at Ellis Island in New York. They spoke no English. They had no education. They had no money. They were among the poor, the tired, the huddled masses, yearning to ... (read more) Author: Andrew Lawrence

2. The Most Significant Panzer in the German Wehrmacht of WWII November 19, 2009 During World War 2 the German Army (Heer) had revolutionized the use of armored warfare by using their "panzers" to concentrate a vast number of units to strike a spearhead through the enemy's defensive lines. Much of armored battle tactics, prior to the invasion of Poland in 1939, had used the tanks sparingly spread out across wide lines making them ineffective. With the added implementation of the Luftwaffe (Air Force) to attack ground based targets and support the German panzers, the "Blitzkrieg" (Lightning War) was conceived. Now having said all that about the "Blitzkrieg", the panzers wer... (read more) Author: William Snyder

3. Did the Pope sell Zyklon B? November 18, 2009 A good question - why and how could Pope John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla) have sold Zyklon B during World War II when it was manufactured by a German firm? Why would Wojtyla wish to do this, as he had a Jewish mother and are there documents to support this? To answer these questions, let's have a look at a little history. In the summer of 1938, Karol Wojtyla moved to Krakow in Poland where he enrolled at the Jagiellonian University. While studying such topics as philology and various languages at the university, he also did his compulsory military training. In 1939, Nazi Germany's occupa... (read more) Author: Ian Vayro

4. Berlin Marks 20th Anniversary of Wall's Fall November 09, 2009 World leaders, dignitaries and thousands of visitors are in Berlin to mark the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. It is a time to remember the past and celebrate the November day in 1989 that changed the future.Despite the rain, crowds gathered at the Bornholm Bridge, the first checkpoint in the Berlin Wall to open the night of November 9, 1989.The Wall stood for nearly three decades, dividing the city and Germany into East and West. But in the end, protests and peaceful revolutions, such as in Poland, and changes in Moscow brought it down. That led to the reunification of Ger... (read more)

5. By punishing the gambling business Poland risks to kill poker playing sector November 05, 2009 Poker rightly or wrongly is often associated with hazard. Nevertheless gambling is based on pure luck and a believe on the part of a player that this day he’ll beat the bank. Although poker playing is an after work entertaining it can hardly be qualified as gambling. Poker playing requires gaining of skills, specific character qualities and strength. I will risk the statement that it is a kind of entertainment for those more intelligent part of strong emotion seekers because of the fact it is not a game for everybody. Thanks to the various online casino and non deposit bonuses anyone ... (read more) Author: Yvonne Miklovic

6. Poland's Solidarity Falls Victim to Own Success November 02, 2009 The collapse of the Berlin Wall ended decades of anti-communist protests by people living in Eastern and Central Europe. Authorities there often used deadly force to put down protests, yet they were unable to stop millions of workers and intellectuals who joined Poland's Solidarity Trade Union from demanding greater personal and political freedoms. What has freedom meant for the shipyard in Gdansk where Solidarity was organized?Poster showing a sheriff walking over the communist party headquarters marks 20th anniversary of Poland's semi-free June 1989 elections that led to the fall of comm... (read more)

7. Appco Poland changes the face of direct marketing October 28, 2009 This is an era where direct marketing companies are mushrooming all over the globe, however only a few survive the challenges in the present global scenario. Appco Group is surviving and maintaining such a credible position due to the comprehensive strategies, cohesive team, dedicated sales force and its share of satisfied customers and clients. The company has been thriving in this competitive world because of the value based business delivered with due consideration on the needs and preferences of the customers. Appco has a systematic marketing procedure to deliver proficient services t... (read more) Author: Appco Group

8. One Nation Under God: Poland and the Catholic Church October 27, 2009 “From 966 A.D. when the Polish people converted to Christianity, the Catholic Church has been a dominant and unifying force in Poland” (Ediger, 301). This statement couldn’t be more understated. While nearly all democracies currently in existence have a strict division between Church and state, Poland defies this normality and allows the Catholic Church to have a loud say in its government. The continuance of the Catholic Church’s values permeating through the government undermine the majority of the public in Poland and continues to be a problem when considering the lack tolerance o... (read more) Author: April Bauer

9. Czech PM Backs New US Missile Defense Plan October 23, 2009 U.S. Vice President Joe Biden has secured the Czech Republic's support for U.S. missile defense plans after winning the backing of fellow NATO allies Poland and Romania.US Vice President Joe Biden (L) is welcomed by Czech Republic's PM Jan Fischer (R) in Prague, 23 Oct 2009Biden met Friday with Czech Prime Minister Jan Fischer, who said his country is ready to participate in the new plan. Biden said Washington will send a high-level defense team to Prague next month for discussions.Prague had previously expressed disappointment in U.S. President Barack Obama's decision to scrap plans to build ... (read more)

10. US Asks Switzerland to Extradite Roman Polanski October 23, 2009 Roman Polanski (file photo)The United States has asked Switzerland to extradite film director Roman Polanski, so he can face court sentencing in California for having sex with a child in 1977.The Swiss justice office said authorities in Zurich will hold a hearing to decide whether Polanski should be sent back to the United States. The justice office said the U.S. extradition request submitted Thursday indicates the Academy Award-winning director could serve up to two years in prison.Swiss police arrested the 76-year-old Polanski in Zurich almost four weeks ago as he arrived to receive a film f... (read more)

11. Missile Defense High on Agenda as Biden Tours Central Europe October 22, 2009 As Vice President Joe Biden tours Central Europe this week, missile defense is high on the agenda. In Poland on Wednesday, Biden secured an agreement to host U.S. antiballistic missiles after original plans for a defensive missile shield were scrapped.US Vice President Joe Biden gestures while delivering a speech at the Central University Library in Bucharest, Romania, 22 Oct 2009According to the White House, Vice President Joe Biden's visit to Poland Wednesday had nothing to do with placating America's disgruntled allies. But here in Warsaw, people were waiting for only one thing - an assuran... (read more)

12. Poland Pledges Cooperation With New Missile Defense Plan October 21, 2009 Vice President Joe Biden visited Poland and received assurances from Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk that Poland will take part in a new missile defense plan. Polish officials said they would host elements of the new plan that was announced last month in Washington. US VP Joe Biden (R) and Polish PM Donald Tusk share a laugh before talks in Warsaw, Poland, 21 Oct 2009Vice President Joe Biden is the first high-level U.S. official to visit Poland since President Barack Obama canceled the planned Central European missile shield proposed by former President George W. Bush. Biden said the new ... (read more)

13. How the governemnts are going to handle legalization of online poker ? October 22, 2009 Poker is going to be legalized in the US as well as in the EU. How and when is the real question though. Not everybody knows what is happening in smaller developing countries in this matter. It’s been very loud recently as the Polish Prime Minister is going to dismiss an entire management of his political cabinet. All because of the gambling scandal. Someone wanted to legalize gambling in Poland so hard that he decided to involve in it most of the PO loyal members. The way was inappropriate though and the scandal appeared on a daylight. Now the prime minister has to be inexorable cutting the h... (read more) Author: Yvonne Miklovic

14. Biden to Visit Poland, Romania, Czech Republic October 20, 2009 US VP Joseph Biden, 19 Oct 2009U.S. Vice President Joe Biden left Washington Tuesday on a four-day trip that will take him to Poland, Romania and the Czech Republic. Biden is scheduled to arrive in Warsaw late Tuesday. He is to hold talks Wednesday with Prime Minister Donald Tusk and President Lech Kaczynski. He travels to Bucharest on Thursday, and Prague on Friday. The White House has denied that Biden is being sent to eastern Europe because of anger in Warsaw and Prague over the administration's decision to scrap a Bush-era plan for a missile shield in Poland and the Czech Republic. Mr. O... (read more)

15. Polish President Signs EU Treaty October 10, 2009 Polish President Lech Kaczynski signs EU's Lisbon Treaty at presidential palace in Warsaw, 10 Oct 2009Poland's president has signed the European Union's reform treaty, leaving the Czech Republic as the only nation yet to ratify the pact.President Lech Kaczynski completed his country's ratification at a ceremony Saturday morning.  Poland's parliament approved the Lisbon Treaty last year.Mr. Kaczynski said he is convinced the new cooperation among sovereign states will be a success.All 27 EU nations must ratify the treaty, which is designed to streamline EU decision making, in order for it ... (read more)

16. Poland to Sign EU Treaty, Czech President Demands Footnotes October 08, 2009 Poland's President Lech Kaczynski (file photo)The office of Polish President Lech Kaczynski says he is set to sign the European Union reform treaty, leaving the Czech Republic as the last remaining holdout.Mr. Kaczynski's office announced Thursday that the signing would take place Saturday at a ceremony attended by European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso.But Czech President Vaclav Klaus is putting up more resistance to the reform treaty.  The EU's Swedish Presidency says Mr. Klaus wants to add a two-sentence footnote to a part of the charter pertaining to fundamental rights befo... (read more)

17. Appco Group Poland designs marketing procedures October 08, 2009 This is an era where direct marketing companies are mushrooming all over the globe, however only a few survive the challenges in the present global scenario. Appco Group is surviving and maintaining such a credible position due to the comprehensive strategies, cohesive team, dedicated sales force and its share of satisfied customers and clients. The company has been thriving in this competitive world because of the value based business delivered with due consideration on the needs and preferences of the customers. Appco has a systematic marketing procedure to deliver proficient services to bo... (read more) Author: Appco Group

18. Intelligence Analyst Looks at Conflicts and Progress in Next 100 Years September 29, 2009 The Next 100 Years by George Friedman In the century ahead, there will be wars fought from space, between nations that are friendly with each other today. Populations will decline and industrialized nations will compete for immigrant labor. Poland, Turkey, Mexico and Japan will emerge as great powers. These are just some of the startling predictions made by George Friedman, founder and chief executive officer of Stratfor, an Austin, Texas-based global intelligence company. In his new book, The Next 100 Years, published by Doubleday, Friedman provides a look at how he believes the world will ch... (read more)

19. Earn Money by Teaching English Abroad October 02, 2009 Do you want to live abroad and work as a teacher? You can teach English to non-English speaking countries. There as a high demand for these professionals especially all across Asia. Japan, Vietnam, South Korea, China, Hong Kong, Turkey, Thailand and Taiwan are just some of the Asian countries looking for English speaking teachers. Even European countries like Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Poland, and France and also some South American countries like, Mexico, Chile, Peru, Brazil and Argentina offer teaching opportunities English is the widely accepted secondary language of the world.... (read more) Author: Tyson Hale

20. Russians Now In Charge of U.S. Defense Policy September 20, 2009 The Obama administration just canceled plans for the placement of a missile defense system in Poland and the Czech Republic. Why was this system canceled? It was canceled because the Russians didn't like it. The system would have been useful in protecting the U.S. and our allies from the Iranians and the Russians. The Russians don?t feel that America deserves to be able to defend itself, and the Obama administration agrees. The message to our former allies in central Europe was loud and clear: You are on your own against the Russians. Jon Kyl, the Senate Minority Whip, st... (read more) Author: Robert Bell

21. Things To Do On A Germany Trip September 18, 2009 Germany is suitable more and more accepted with families on festival staying in nature catering apartments and festival villas. Germany is situated in Central Europe. Denmark bordered the country, Austria, Switzerland, Poland and Belgium. Sun lovers collect to Germany in the summer months and many choose to deferment in a luxury cottage with a swimming assemble. In the iciness months, it is extremely current with winter sport enthusiasts, festival rentals are unfilled to rent in all the chief ski resorts from ski chalets to character catering apartments. There are a limitless numbe... (read more) Author: Jessica Santoli

22. Putin Lauds Obama for Scrapping Missile Defense System in Europe September 18, 2009 Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in Moscow, 11 Sep 2009Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin says U.S. President Barack Obama's decision to scrap plans for a missile defense system in Poland and the Czech Republic is "correct and brave."In televised remarks Friday, Mr. Putin said he hopes other measures that would improve ties will follow.President Obama announced Thursday that he is dispensing with the plans for a missile defense system for central Europe in favor of what he calls a new approach for defending the United States and its NATO allies.He said the new approach will provide "st... (read more)

23. Missile Defense Decision Draws Praise, Criticism from US Lawmakers September 17, 2009 President Obama's decision to revise a plan to deploy a missile defense shield in the Czech Republic and Poland is drawing praise and criticism from members of Congress. Republicans sharply criticized the move saying it amounts to abandonment of two key U.S. allies in Europe, while Democrats praised the decision. House Speaker Nancy PelosiIn her weekly briefing for reporters on Capitol Hill, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi praised the president's decision to switch to a new approach for defending against potential ballistic missile threats from Iran.Saying she was briefed on the change by Nati... (read more)

24. Analysts See Flexibility in Obama Missile Plan September 17, 2009 The Obama administration has unveiled a new ballistic missile defense plan while shelving the previous program put forth by President George Bush. In this report from Washington, The decision to pursue a new approach was unveiled after a lengthy policy review of the European based ballistic missile defense shield proposed by the Bush administration. That plan was to deploy 10 missile interceptors in Poland and a radar facility in the Czech Republic. U.S U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates, 17 Sep 2009. officials at the time said the system was needed to defend Europe and the United States... (read more)

25. East Europe Officials Say US Backing Away from Missile Defense System September 17, 2009 Poland and the Czech Republic are reacting to U.S. President Barack Obama's decision to scrap plans for a Europe-based missile defense system. Several officials in the region warn that the move will improve Washington's relations with Moscow at the expense of other Eastern European allies. Czech Prime Minister Jan Fischer gestures during the press conference in Prague, 17 Sep 2009Czech Prime Minister Jan Fischer said President Obama told him early Thursday that the United States is abandoning plans to build a defense system in Poland and the Czech Republic aimed at intercepting missiles ... (read more)

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